What is the Purpose of Using shift Command in Shell Scripts?
The purpose of the shift command shell script is to shift/move the positional arguments to the left that set each parameter to the lower position.
How to Switch Between Multiple Java Versions?
To switch between multiple versions of Java, list the available versions and switch between them using the “sudo update-java-alternatives –set
What DNS Servers Am I Using in Linux?
To check the currently used DNS server, consider the “resolv.conf” file or built-in tools such as ”dig”, and “nslookup” or use the “Network” settings (GUI).
How to Set the Default Gateway in Ubuntu?
To set the default gateway in Ubuntu, execute the “sudo ip route add default via
What is the Difference Between daemon-reload and reload?
In Linux, the “daemon-reload” reloads the entire systemd unit files while the “reload” only reloads the specific service configuration files.
Python Regex Capturing Groups
Python regex capturing groups enable you to capture specific parts of a string based on a specified pattern such as using (\b\d+) pattern for capturing digits.
Valueerror: Setting an Array Element With a Sequence
This value error occurs due to various reasons such as creating an array with different dimensions, replacing a single array element with an array, etc.
How to Convert Pandas Series to a DataFrame?
To convert the Pandas series to a DataFrame the “pd.DataFrame()” function and “series.to_frame()” function is used in Python.
What are the Alternatives to Notepad++ on Ubuntu?
In Ubuntu, the alternatives to Notepad++ are “Nano”, “Gedit”, “Vim”, “Sublime text”, “Geany”, and “Kate”. Read this post for their detailed description.
What is the Purpose of the /var/lib/apt/lists Directory?
The “/var/lib/apt/lists” directory stores all the package information downloaded from the ubuntu server when the user runs the “sudo apt command”.
How to Trim Leading and Trailing Whitespace From the Output?
To trim the leading and trailing whitespaces from each line in the output of a file/script, use the Linux pre-installed “sed” and “awk” command line tools.
How to Sort Results From ls Command by Modification Date?
To sort the output of the “ls” command by modification date use its “-t” argument, and also the “-l(list)” flag that displays the “date&time” of the file/directory.
How to Set Custom Resolution Using xrandr?
In Linux, the pre-installed “xrandr” command offers the “newmode” and the “addmode” flags to set the custom resolution of the system monitor.
How to Reattach to an Existing “screen” Session?
To reattach an existing screen session, use the “screen” tool followed by the “-r(reattach)” argument and the “SID” or the “specific session name”.
How to Count Total Number of Occurrences Using grep?
To count the total number of occurrences of the specified word/pattern, use the “grep” command with the “wc(word count)” and “tr(translates)” options.
How to Convert an epoch Timestamp to a Human Readable?
To convert epoch timestamp to human-readable format use the “date” command, “awk” having starftime format, and the “localtime()” with the “echo” command.
How to Perform a Full Re-Installation of PIP and PIP3 on Ubuntu?
To reinstall the “pip3” for Python3 and “pip” for Python 2 use the default “apt” package manager with superuser privileges or log in as a root user.
How to Use apt clean, autoclean, autoremove? | Combined and Separately
In Ubuntu, the “clean”, “autoclean”, and “autoremove” commands clean up the system cache, additional dependencies, and outdated versions of packages.
How to Add New Lines When Using echo?
To add new lines, use the “-e(backspace interpreter)” and “$(bash variable)” with the “echo” command. An “echo” tool can also be used multiple times to do this.
How to Install the Latest cURL on Linux?
In Linux and its distributions, the “curl” can be installed via default package managers i.e “apt” (Ubuntu/Debian), “yum” (CentOS/RHEL), and “dnf” (Fedora).
How to Generate a Strong Password in Linux?
To generate a strong password, use the “urandom”, “makepasswd”, “gpg”, “apg”, “pwgen”, and “openssl rand” commands. It can also be done using the “Perl” script.
How to Update NodeJS Version in Ubuntu Command Line?
To update the NodeJS versions in Ubuntu, use the “NVM(Node Version Manager)”, “NPM(Node Package Manager)”, and “Binary Packages”.
What are SUID, SGID, and Sticky bits?
In Linux, SUID, SGID, and Sticky bit are permission bits that are utilized to specify special permission rules for the file or directory.
What is gdm3, kdm, lightdm? How to Install and Remove them on Ubuntu?
gdm3, kdm, and lightdm are display managers of Linux that provide the interface for the login screen and can be installed or uninstalled.
How to Instant Search in less Command?
To instant search with the “less” command, use the “less
How to Install the Latest Python on CentOS?
To install the latest version of Python on CentOS, use the YUM package manager, and source code that is given on the official Python website.
How to Add a Newline Character in Python?
To add a newline character, the “\n” escape character, the “multiline strings”, and the “os.linesep” attribute of the os module are used in Python.
How to Extract Dictionary Values as a List?
To extract dictionary values as a list, the “list()” function, “list comprehension”, “for loop”, “* operator”, and “map() function” is used in Python.
How to Access Google Meet in Ubuntu?
Google meet is an online platform for making audio or video calls. It is a super useful tool, especially if you are working remotely.
Difference Between “cd -” and “cd ~-” in Linux
The “cd -” and “cd ~-” jump into the recently used directory but the “cd -” also prints that directory’s absolute path in the terminal.
How Does find -name Work?
The “find -name” locates the files/directories by different parameters name, extensions, or searching and deleting the particular file/directory.
How to Run a Shell Script in Background?
To run a shell script in the background, use the “&(ampersand)” bash control operator and the built-in “nohup” command line tool.
[Fixed] “Hostname: Name or Service not Known” Error?
The error is caused when the user tries to change the hostname, which is not found in the /etc/hosts file, and it is fixed by adding the hostname to that file.
What is the Significance of the “wheel” Group in Ubuntu?
In Ubuntu, the “wheel” group is a special user group that provides administrative access to certain users on a system to perform administrative tasks.
What Does “cp: omitting directory” Mean?
In Linux, the error “cp: omitting directory” represents that the “cp” command expects a file as the source, not a directory.
How to Check Hard Disk Performance on Linux?
In Linux, to check the hard disk performance of the system, the user can consider the utilities such as “hdparm”, “dd ”, “iostat”, or the “Disks” tool.
3 Best Free Photoshop Alternatives for Ubuntu and Other Linux
In Linux, the best alternatives to photoshop software are “Gimp”, “Krita”, and “Inkscape”, which give similar functionalities.
How to Check RAM Size Using CLI?
To check the RAM size in the Linux, utilize the “/proc/meminfo file”, “free”, “top”, “vmstat”, “dmidecode”, “lshw”, or “hwinfo” utilities
How to Python Check Version of Package With pip?
To check the version of the package with pip, the “pip show
Bash if Loop Examples (if then fi, if then elif fi, if then else fi)
In bash scripting, the “if” loop is used to execute multiple conditional statements using “if-then fi”, and “if then else fi” and “if then else if fi” loop.
What is the Meaning of exit 0, exit 1, and exit 2 in a Bash Script?
The “exit 0”, “exit 1”, and the “exit 2” returns the exit status of the bash shell script. The value of the exit command is stored in the “$(shell)” variable.
What is “declare” in Bash?
In Bash, the “declare” command sets the variable and functions alongside their attributes, “integer”, “string”, “array”, and “read-only” variables.
How to Restart the SSH Service?
Linux offers the “systemctl” and “service” commands to restart the “SSH” service instantly. It can also be restarted by accessing the “/etc/init.d” directory.
How to Completely Remove Virtualbox From Linux?
In Linux, use the default package managers of Linux distribution, i.e., “apt(Ubuntu/Debian)” and “dnf(Fedora/CentOS/RHEL)” to completely remove the Virtualbox.
How to Find the Correct php.ini File of Apache2 in Ubuntu?
In Ubuntu, the “ls”, “locate”, and “grep” command-line utilities can be utilized to get the absolute path of the “php.ini” configuration file.
How to Change IP Address on Linux?
To change an IP address, utilize the “ip”, “ifconfig”, and the “nmcli” command line tools or the “Network” window in the GUI method.
How to Find and Kill a Zombie Process on Linux?
To find and kill the zombie process on Linux, list down the zombie process, and send the SIGCHLD signal to its parent process.
How to Get the Complete and Exact List of Mounted File Systems in Linux?
To get the complete and exact list of the mounted file system in Linux, the built-in “findmnt”, “df” and “lsblk” utilities are considered.
Why Does Find -mtime +1 Only Return Files Older Than 2 Days?
The find -mtime +1 only returns files older than two days because it only returns the files modified in the last two or less than two days.
How to Export a GPG Private Key and Public Key to a File?
To export a GPG private and public key, use the “gpg –export-secret-key -a
How to Add a DNS Server Via resolv.conf?
To add a DNS server via resolv.conf configuration file, add a nameserver directive followed by the IP address of the DNS server.
How to Capture All the UDP Packets Using tcpdump?
To capture all the UDP packets using the tcpdump command, execute the “sudo tcpdump -i
How to Step Into, Step-over, and Step-out With GDB?
To step into, step over, and step out with GDB, use the “step”, “next”, and “finish” commands. These GDB commands quickly identify and fix bugs in the program.
Where are Apache File Access Logs Stored in Ubuntu?
In Ubuntu, the Apache access log files are stored in the “/var/log/apache2” directory. These files contain details of all the requests made to the web server.
How to Install and Run a TFTP Server?
To install and run the TFTP server, execute the “sudo apt install tftpd-hpa” command and configure the “tftpd-hpa” configuration file.
How can I Find My User ID (UID) from Terminal?
Linux and its distributions offer the pre-installed “id”, “echo”, “lslogin”, and “getent” command line utilities for finding user ID from the terminal.
How to Give Full Permission to Folder and Subfolder?
To give full permission to a folder and its subfolders, use the “chmod 777
How to Reduce the File Size of a Scanned PDF File?
To reduce the file size of the scanned PDF, use the command line utilities ghostscript (gs), and “ps2pdf” or utilize the PDF online compression tool.
How to Substring Only the First Column in awk in Linux?
The “substr” function of the “awk” command searches for the specified character/pattern starting from the particular position to an optional length.
How to Analyze a Binary File in Linux?
The binary files in Linux are analyzed through the file, ldd, hexdump, strings, readelf, objdump, strace, ltrace, and xxd utilities.
How to Force a Clock Update Using NTP?
To force a clock update using the NTP server, use the “ntpdate” command and “ntpd” service. They synchronize the time on the system with the time NTP server.
How to Remove Firefox With All Add-ons in Ubuntu?
Ubuntu supports “apt” and “snap” package managers to remove the firefox browser completely. It can also be done using the “rm(remove)” command.
How to Upgrade Java on Ubuntu?
To upgrade Java on Ubuntu, use the “sudo apt install openjdk-19-jdk” command or download the latest version of Java from the Oracle website and install it.
How do I Find Out Users in a Group?
To find out which users are in a group within Linux, utilize the “groups”, “getent”, and “id -Gn” commands and the “/etc/group” file.
How Does Reverse SSH Tunneling Work?
To reverse SSH tunneling connection, execute the “ssh -R
Difference Between cp -r and cp -a in Linux
The difference between cp -r and cp -a is that cp -a preserves all file attributes, while cp -r only preserves the ownership and permissions of the files.
Does Ubuntu Come with a Device Manager? | 3 Best Alternatives
Ubuntu has no default device manager. This post has listed the best alternatives for Device Managers. Read this post for installation methods
How to Run Linux and Other Operating Systems in Browser?
The “onworks” platform offers to run various operating systems on the browser. Read this post to check how it works for Linux.
How to Permanently Remove Apache2 from Linux?
The “remove”, “autoremove”, and “purge” functionalities of Linux OSs allow the user to get rid of the executables, dependencies, and configurations of Apache.
Owncloud vs Nextcloud: Which is Better?
Compare OwnCloud vs NextCloud for self-hosted cloud storage. Learn about similarities and differences to make an informed choice.
